1. Introduction - Pitch & Musical Note

2. Musical Relatiionshhip - Aadhara Sruthi

3. Aadhara Sruthi - Octave

4. Note Names and Symbols

5. 7 Symbols for 12 notes

6. Special Features. Raagam

7. Raagam - Classification

8. Finding Notes of a Melam

9. More on Janaka-Janya

10. Features of Raagam - Bhaavam

11. Melam System in Detail (1)

12. Melam System in Detail (2)

13. Getting Notes from Melam Number

14. Melam Names - Historical

15. Raagam - Essentials

16. Gamakam - 1

17. Gamakam - 2

18. Musical Forms - Krithi

19. Musical Forms - Alaapana, Kalpana Swaram etc.

20. Musical Forms - Varnam, Thillaana, Padham etc.

More on Janaka-Janya

There are some exceptions to the rule that a Janya Raagam should use only the same variety of notes for ri, ga, ma, da and ni as the parent Raagam. Some Raagams use the other variety of a note in addition to the variety of that note in the parent Raagam. Such raagams are called Bhaashaanga Raagams. Such notes not found in the parent Raagam are known as 'Anya' (foreign) swarams and may be used only in selected phrases or only in the ascent or descent. In writing notation anya swarams are marked with an asterisk ' * '. However, the Anya Swaram and the normal swaram cannot be used consecutively. An example is Saaranga which uses both varieties of ma. The higher variety (black note ma) is used most of the time as its parent is Kalyaani which uses the black note ma. The lower variety is used only in the phrase ri-ga-ma*- ri-sa. Another Bhaashaanga Raagam Bhairavi uses lower variety of da in most phrases but uses higher variety in phrases in the ascent (pa-da*-ni-Sa) and in the phrase Sa-ni-da*-ni-Sa. (In both the illustrations the Anya Swaram is shown in red).

Janya Raagams which are not Bhaashaanga Raagams are known as Upaanga Raagams. A Raagam using all the seven notes of a Melam and is not by definition required to have vakra phrass are also known as Raagaanga raagam and the term Melam or Melakartha is used to refer to the scale or choice of notes rather than the Raagam, which is not a mere combination of notes but has many more attributes.

Though the term Janya means 'born' and Janaka means 'giving birth to', historically the Raagam system existed long before the classification in terms of Melams. Compositions in the 'Janya' Raagam were available before the system of Melams were evolved and Melams were named after Raagams like 'Sriraga' which is today considered as a Janya.

Janya Raagams which omit certain notes may be classified under more than one Melam. For instance Mohanam which omits ma and ni is shown under Melam 65(Kalyani) or Melam 28 (Harikambodhi). See the illustration. The tendency is to put the Janya under a Melam whose Raganga Raagam is closer in bhaavam. However, often Janya Raagams have totally different ways of using the notes and are far removed from the Ragaanga Raagam in bhaavam (ex. Kaanada and Kaapi - Janyas of Kharaharapriya). It will be safer to consider the system as one to find out what notes are used in a Raagam.